TMJ and Teeth Grinding
Jaw-Joint and Masticatory Muscle Problems (TMD)
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of conditions covering pain or functional problems of the jaw joint, the masticatory muscles and structures related to this system. It is not a single disease; different causes and mechanisms can be present together.
Medical review: Dr. Taylan Akça. Last updated: Aug. 29, 2026.
Which symptoms may need assessment?
- Pain or tenderness in the jaw joint
- Noise / clicking when opening and closing the jaw
- Limited mouth opening or locking
- Fatigue in the jaw muscles in the morning
- Muscle pain during chewing
- Teeth clenching and marked tooth wear
- Some pain in the temple and face region that may be muscular in origin
The link with headache
Headache can arise from many different causes and should not be assessed by a dentist alone as "originating from the mouth". However, overactivity of the masticatory muscles and TMD can, in some people, accompany head and face pain. The aim of the examination is to assess this possible link and, where needed, to work together with other specialties.
Examination
The history covers the location and duration of the pain, triggering factors, jaw locking, trauma, teeth clenching, sleep and stress factors. Jaw range of movement, joint noises, muscle tenderness, the bite and tooth wear are examined. Imaging is not required in every patient; depending on the clinical findings, panoramic, CBCT or other imaging methods may be considered.
Treatment
Depending on the type of case, patient education, behavioural adjustments, jaw exercises/physiotherapy, a splint, pain control and assessments by relevant specialties may be used together. Invasive applications are generally considered in selected cases.
Frequently asked questions
Does a noise from the jaw necessarily mean a disease?
No. Some joint noises that are painless and do not cause loss of function may simply be monitored. If pain, locking or progressive limitation accompanies them, assessment is important.
Does TMD cause headache?
TMD and masticatory muscle pain can be linked to some head and face pain; however, headache has many other causes. A differential assessment is needed.
Does everyone need a night guard?
No. A splint may be used for particular findings and goals. Not every jaw noise or every headache requires a splint.
Is an MRI needed for the jaw joint?
It is not needed in every patient. If the clinical examination raises the need for further assessment of the joint disc and soft tissues, an MRI may be considered.
Is TMD permanent?
Many TMD complaints can be episodic and can be brought under control with conservative approaches. The course varies from person to person.
Treatment duration
Many TMD complaints can be episodic and can be brought under control with conservative approaches. The course varies from person to person; treatment is not reduced to a single session or a single application.
When it may not be suitable
Treatment should not be reduced to a single "splint" application. Invasive applications are generally considered in selected cases. Newly developing severe headache or neurological findings require medical assessment.